Extreme values modelling and estimation are an important challenge in various domains of application, such as environment, hydrology, finance, actuarial science, just to name a few. The restriction to the analysis of extreme values may be justified since the extreme part of a sample can be of a great importance. That is, it may exhibit a larger risk potential such as high concentration of air pollutants, flood, extreme claim sizes, price shocks in the four previous topics respectively. The statistical analysis of extreme may be spread out in many packages depending on the topic of application. In this task view, we present the packages from a methodological side.

Applications of extreme value theory can be found in other task views: for financial and actuarial analysis in the Finance task view, for environmental analysis in the Environmetrics task view. General implementation of probability distributions is studied in the Distributions task view.

The maintainers gratefully acknowledge E. Gilleland, M. Ribatet and A. Stephenson for their review for extreme value analysis packages (2013) and Achim Zeileis for his useful comments. If you think information is not accurate or if we have omitted a package or important information that should be mentioned here, please let us know.

Univariate Extreme Value Theory:

• Block Maxima approach:

  • The package evd provides functions for a wide range of univariate distributions. Modelling function allow estimation of parameters for standard univariate extreme value methods.
  • The package evdbayes provides the Bayesian analysis of univariate extreme value models using MCMC methods. It uses likelihood to estimate the parameters of the GEV distributions.
  • The package revdbayes provides the Bayesian analysis of univariate extreme value models using direct random sampling from the posterior distribution, that is, without using MCMC methods.
  • The package evir performs modelling of univariate GEV distributions by maximum likelihood fitting.
  • The package extRemes provides EVDs univariate estimation for block maxima model approache by MLE. It also incorporates a non-stationarity through the parameters of the EVDs and L-moments estimation for the stationary case for the GEV distributions.
  • The package extremeStat includes functions to fit multiple GEV distributions types available in the package lmomco using linear moments to estimate the parameters.
  • The package fExtremes provides univariate data processing and modelling. It includes clustering, block maxima identification and exploratory analysis. The estimation of stationary models for the GEV is provided by maximum likelihood and probability weighted moments.
  • The package lmom has functions to fit probability distributions from GEV distributions to data using the low-order L-moments.
  • The package lmomRFA extends package lmom and implements all the major components for regional frequency analysis using L-moments.
  • The package texmex provides a univariate extreme value modeling approach for GEV distributions by bootstrap, MCMC simulations and maximum likelihood for parameter estimation.
  • The package ismev provides a collection of three functions to fit the GEV (diagnostic plot, MLE, likelihood profile) and follows the book of Coles (2001).
  • The package mev has a function using the Smith (1987) penultimate approximation for block maxima approach.
  • The package Renext provides various functions to fit the GEV distribution using an aggregated marked POT process.

• Peak-Over-Threshold by GPD approach:

  • The package evd includes univariate estimation for GPD approach by MLE.
  • The Bayesian analysis of univariate extreme value models using MCMC methods in the package evdbayes includes the likelihood to estimate GP distributions.
  • The package revdbayes provides the Bayesian analysis of univariate extreme value models using direct random sampling from the posterior distribution, that is, without using MCMC methods.
  • The package evir performs modelling of univariate GPD by maximum likelihood fitting.
  • The package extremefit provides modelization of exceedances over a threshold in the Pareto type tail. It computes an adaptive choice of the threshold.
  • The package extRemes provides EVDs univariate estimation for GPD approach by MLE. A non-stationarity through the parameters of the EVDs and L-moments estimation for the stationnary case for the GPD distributions is also included.
  • The package extremeStat includes functions to fit multiple GPD distributions types available in the package lmomco using linear moments to estimate the parameters.
  • The package fExtremes includes the estimation of stationary models for the GPD by maximum likelihood and probability weighted moments.
  • The package lmom includes functions to fit probability distributions from GPD to data using the low-order L-moments.
  • The package lmomRFA extends package lmom and implements all the major components for regional frequency analysis using L-moments.
  • The package texmex provides a univariate extreme value modeling approach for GPD distributions by bootstrap, MCMC simulations and maximum likelihood for parameter estimation.
  • The package POT provides multiple estimators of the GPD parameters (MLE, L-Moments, method of median, minimum density power divergence). L-moments diagrams and from the properties of a non-homogeneous Poisson process techniques are provided for the selection of the threshold.
  • The package ismev provides a collection of three functions to fit the GPD (diagnostic plot, MLE over a range of thresholds, likelihood profile) and follows the book of Coles (2OO1).
  • The package mev provides functions to simulate data from GPD and multiple method to estimate the parameters (optimization, MLE, Bayesian methods and the method used in the ismev package).
  • The package QRM provides functions to fit and graphically assess the fit of the GPD.
  • The package Renext provides various functions to fit and assess the GPD distribution using an aggregated marked POT process.
  • The package threshr deals with the selection of thresholds using a Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation approach in order to compare the predictive performance resulting from a set of thresholds.

• Extremal index estimation approach:

  • The package evd implements univariate estimation for extremal index estimation approach.
  • The package evdbayes includes point process characterisation
  • the package evir includes extremal index estimation.
  • The package extRemes also provides EVDs univariate estimation for the block maxima and poisson point process approache by MLE. It also incorporates a non-stationarity through the parameters.
  • The package fExtremes provides univariate data processing and modelling. It includes extremal index estimation.
  • The package mev provides extremal index estimators based on interexceedance time (MLE and iteratively reweigthed least square estimators of Suveges (2007)). It provides the information matrix test statistic proposed by Suveges and Davison (2010) and MLE for the extremal index.
  • The package ReIns provides functions for extremal index and splicing approaches in a reinsurance perspective.

• Regression models

  • The package VGAM offers additive modelling for extreme value analysis. The estimation for vector generalised additive models is performed using a backfitting algorithm and employs a penalized likelihood for the smoothing splines. It is the only package known to the authors that performs additive modelling for a range of extreme value analysis. It includes both GEV and GP distributions.
  • The package ismev provides a collection of functions to fit a point process with explanatory variables (diagnostic plot, MLE) and follows the book of Coles (2001).

• Copula approach:

  • The package copula provides utilities for exploring and modelling a wide range of commonly used copulas, see also the Distributions task view (copula section).

Bivariate Extreme Value Theory:

• Block Maxima approach:

  • The package evd provides functions for multivariate distributions. Modelling function allow estimation of parameters for class of bivariate extreme value distributions. Both parametric and non-parametric estimation of bivariate EVD can be performed.

• Peak-Over-Threshold by GPD approach:

  • The package evd implements bivariate threshold modelling using censored likelihood methodology.
  • The single multivariate implementation in the package evir is a bivariate threshold method.
  • The package extremefit provides modelization of exceedances over a threshold in the Pareto type tail depending on a time covariate. It provides an adaptive choice of the threshold depending of the covariate.
  • The package POT provides estimators of the GPD parameters in the bivariate case.

• Tail dependence coefficient approach:

  • The package RTDE implements bivariate estimation for the tail dependence coefficient.

Multivariate Extreme Value Theory:

• Block Maxima approach:

  • The package lmomco is similar to the lmom but also implements recent advances in L-moments estimation, including L-moments for censored data, trimmed L-moments and L-moment for multivariate analysis for GEV distributions.
  • The package SpatialExtremes provides max-stable processes and uses weighted pairwise likelihood estimator to fit the processes.

• Peak-Over-Threshold by GPD approach:

  • The package lmomco also implements L-moments multivariate analysis for GPD distributions.
  • The package SpatialExtremes includes GPD method to modelize spatial extremes using Bayesian hierarchical models with a conditionnal independence assumption.
  • The package texmex provides a conditional multivariate extreme value modeling approach which is useful for multivariate processes where interest is in events occuring such that only a subset of the margins are extreme.

• Copula approach:

  • The package copula provides utilities for exploring and modelling a wide range of commonly used copulas. Extreme value copulas and non-parametric estimates of extreme value copulas are implemented. See also the Distributions task view (copula section).
  • The package SpatialExtremes includes copula distributions.

Classical graphics:

Graphics for univariate extreme value analysis

Graphic name	Packages	Function names
Dispersion index plot	POT	diplot
Distribution fitting plot	extremeStat	distLplot
Hill plot	evir	hill
Hill plot	extremefit	hill
Hill plot	QRM	hillPlot
Hill plot	ReIns	Hill
L-moment plot	POT	lmomplot
Mean residual life plot	POT	mrlplot
Mean residual life plot	evd	mrlplot
Mean residual life plot	evir	meplot
Mean residual life plot	ismev	mrl.plot
Mean residual life plot	texmex	mrl
Mean residual life plot	QRM	MEplot
Mean residual life plot	ReIns	MeanExcess
QQ Pareto plot	POT	qplot
QQ Pareto plot	RTDE	qqparetoplot
QQ Pareto plot	QRM	plotFittedGPDvsEmpiricalExcesses
QQ Pareto plot	ReIns	ParetoQQ
QQ Exponential plot	QRM	QQplot
QQ Exponential plot	ReIns	ExpQQ
QQ Exponential plot	Renext	expplot
QQ Lognormal plot	ReIns	LognormalQQ
QQ Weibull plot	ReIns	WeibullQQ
QQ Weibull plot	Renext	weibplot
Risk measure plot	QRM	RMplot
Threshold choice plot	POT	tcplot
Threshold choice plot	evd	tcplot
Threshold choice plot	QRM	xiplot
Return level plot	texmex	rl
Return level plot	POT	retlev
Return level plot	POT	Return
Return level plot	Renext	plot,lines

Graphics for multivariate extreme value analysis

Bivariate threshold choice plot	evd	bvtcplot
Dependence measure (chi) plot	POT	chimeas
Dependence measure (chi) plot	evd	chiplot
Dependence measure (chi) plot	texmex	chi
Dependence diagnostic plot within time series	POT	tsdep.plot
Extremal index plot	POT	exiplot
Extremal index plot	evd	exiplot
Madogram	SpatialExtremes	madogram
F-Madogram	SpatialExtremes	fmadogram
L-Madogram	SpatialExtremes	lmadogram
Variogram	SpatialExtremes	variogram
Pickands' dependence function plot	POT	pickdep
Spectral density plot	POT	specdens

Classical books and review papers:

• E. Gilleland, M. Ribatet, A. Stephenson (2013). A Software Review for Extreme Value Analysis, Extremes , 16 , 103-119.
• R.-D. Reiss, M. Thomas (2007). Statistical Analysis of Extreme Values with Applications to Insurance, Finance, Hydrology and Other Fields , Springer-Verlag.
• L. de Haan, A. Ferreira (2006). Extreme Value Theory: An Introduction , Springer-Verlag.
• J. Beirlant, Y. Goegebeur, J. Teugels, J. Segers (2004). Statistics of Extremes: Theory and Applications , John Wiley & Sons.
• B. Finkenstaedt, H. Rootzen (2004). Extreme Values in Finance, Telecommunications, and the Environment , Chapman & Hall/CRC.
• S. Coles (2001). An Introduction to Statistical Modeling of Extreme Values , Springer-Verlag.
• P. Embrechts, C. Klueppelberg, T. Mikosch (1997). Modelling Extremal Events for Insurance and Finance , Springer-Verlag.
• S.I. Resnick (1987). Extreme Values, Regular Variation and Point Processes , Springer-Verlag.
• Smith, R.L. (1987). Approximations in extreme value theory. Technical report 205, Center for Stochastic Process, University of North Carolina, 1–34.
• Suveges (2007) Likelihood estimation of the extremal index. Extremes, 10(1), 41-55.
• Suveges and Davison (2010), Model misspecification in peaks over threshold analysis. Annals of Applied Statistics, 4(1), 203-221.